HISTORY • ANCIENT
1
Indus Valley Civilization (IVC Sites & Special Findings)
💡 Hinglish Summary: Harappan Civilization apni Grid Town Planning aur Subterranean Drainage ke liye famous thi.
• Harappa: Daya Ram Sahni ne 1921 mein Ravi river ke kinare khoja tha (6 Granaries mili theen).
• Mohenjo-daro: R.D. Banerjee ne 1922 mein Indus river ke kinare khoja (Great Bath aur Bronze Dancing Girl mili).
• Lothal (Gujarat): Duniya ka sabse purana Tidal Dockyard tha.
• Rakhigarhi (Haryana): India mein sabse bada Indus Valley site hai.
• Important Fact: Harappan logon ko Bronze, Copper, Gold ka pata tha — lekin IRON (Loha) bilkul UNKNOWN tha!
• Harappa: Daya Ram Sahni ne 1921 mein Ravi river ke kinare khoja tha (6 Granaries mili theen).
• Mohenjo-daro: R.D. Banerjee ne 1922 mein Indus river ke kinare khoja (Great Bath aur Bronze Dancing Girl mili).
• Lothal (Gujarat): Duniya ka sabse purana Tidal Dockyard tha.
• Rakhigarhi (Haryana): India mein sabse bada Indus Valley site hai.
• Important Fact: Harappan logon ko Bronze, Copper, Gold ka pata tha — lekin IRON (Loha) bilkul UNKNOWN tha!
HISTORY • ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL
2
Famous Foreign Travelers & Their Books (Hinglish Guide)
| Traveler Name | Origin Country | Book Written | Hinglish Key Fact & Ruler |
|---|---|---|---|
| Megasthenes | Greece | Indica | Chandragupta Maurya ke darbar mein aaya tha. Pataliputra ki tareef ki. |
| Fa-Hien | China | Fo-Kwo-Ki | Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) ke time Gupta Period mein aaya tha. |
| Hiuen Tsang | China | Si-Yu-Ki | Harshavardhana ke darbar mein aaya aur Nalanda University mein padhai ki. |
| Al-Biruni | Uzbekistan | Kitab-ul-Hind | Mahmud Ghazni ke sath India aaya tha. Indian philosophy par likha. |
| Ibn Battuta | Morocco (Tangier) | Rihla | Muhammad bin Tughlaq ke time aaya (MB Tughlaq ne ise Delhi ka Qazi banaya). |
HISTORY • MEDIEVAL
3
Delhi Sultanate Administrative Departments
⚔️ Diwan-i-Arz
Military Dept (Army)
Founded by: Balban (Army ko strong banane ke liye).
🌾 Diwan-i-Kohi
Agriculture Dept (Kheti)
Founded by: MB Tughlaq (Fasal va kheti behtar karne ke liye).
💰 Diwan-i-Mustakhraj
Revenue & Tax Dept
Founded by: Alauddin Khilji (Tax arrears collect karne ke liye).
🤝 Diwan-i-Khairat
Charity Dept (Daan)
Founded by: Firoz Tughlaq (Gareeb ladkiyon ki shadi aur orphan welfare ke liye).
POLITY • AMENDMENTS
6
Most Asked Constitutional Amendments (Hinglish Summary)
💡 Polity Amendments Tricks:
• 42nd Amendment (1976): Ise "Mini Constitution" kehte hain. Preamble mein 3 naye words (Socialist, Secular, Integrity) aur Fundamental Duties (Art 51A)isi se add hue the.
• 44th Amendment (1978): Right to Property ko Fundamental Right se hata kar Art 300A ke under ek Legal Right bana diya.
• 61st Amendment (1989): Voting age 21 saal se ghata kar 18 saal kar di gayi.
• 73rd & 74th Amendments (1992): Panchayati Raj aur Municipalities ko constitutional status diya gaya.
• 86th Amendment (2002): 6-14 saal ke bacho ke liye Right to Education (Art 21A) add hua.
• 101st Amendment (2016): GST (Goods & Services Tax) Art 279A ke under laya gaya.
• 42nd Amendment (1976): Ise "Mini Constitution" kehte hain. Preamble mein 3 naye words (Socialist, Secular, Integrity) aur Fundamental Duties (Art 51A)isi se add hue the.
• 44th Amendment (1978): Right to Property ko Fundamental Right se hata kar Art 300A ke under ek Legal Right bana diya.
• 61st Amendment (1989): Voting age 21 saal se ghata kar 18 saal kar di gayi.
• 73rd & 74th Amendments (1992): Panchayati Raj aur Municipalities ko constitutional status diya gaya.
• 86th Amendment (2002): 6-14 saal ke bacho ke liye Right to Education (Art 21A) add hua.
• 101st Amendment (2016): GST (Goods & Services Tax) Art 279A ke under laya gaya.
GEOGRAPHY • RIVERS
11
Panch Prayag River Confluences (Hinglish Trick)
💡 Panch Prayag Hinglish Shortcut: River Alaknanda main stream hai jo badhti rehti hai:
1. Alaknanda + Dhauliganga = Vishnuprayag
2. Alaknanda + Nandakini = Nandaprayag
3. Alaknanda + Pindar = Karnaprayag
4. Alaknanda + Mandakini = Rudraprayag
5. Alaknanda + Bhagirathi = Devprayag ➔ Yahan se aage ise GANGA kehte hain!
1. Alaknanda + Dhauliganga = Vishnuprayag
2. Alaknanda + Nandakini = Nandaprayag
3. Alaknanda + Pindar = Karnaprayag
4. Alaknanda + Mandakini = Rudraprayag
5. Alaknanda + Bhagirathi = Devprayag ➔ Yahan se aage ise GANGA kehte hain!
PYQ PRACTICE BANK
14
Bilingual Exam PYQs with Hinglish Solutions
Q1. Which constitutional amendment act lowered the voting age in India from 21 years to 18 years?
Correct Answer: Option B (61st Amendment Act, 1989)
Hinglish Explanation: Rajiv Gandhi government ke time 61st Constitutional Amendment Act (1989) laya gaya tha jisse Article 326 mein badlav karke voting age ko 21 saal se ghata kar 18 saal kar diya gaya.
Q2. Which river is the only river in India that cuts the Tropic of Cancer (Kark Rekha) twice?
Correct Answer: Option B (Mahi River)
Hinglish Explanation: Mahi River Madhya Pradesh ke Vindhya range se nikalti hai, Rajasthan se hote hue Gujarat mein Gulf of Khambhat mein girti hai. Ye India ki akeli nadi hai jo Tropic of Cancer ko 2 baar cut karti hai.
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